The French Revolution - The Biggest War in France - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1812 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: French Revolution Essay Did you like this example? Intro: Throughout many years, there has been a lot of revolutions that have helped out countries or has been a big effect on the country. For example, if we look at the French Revolutionary War, it was mainly caused by a King named Louis XVI. During this era or time, there was a monarchy. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The French Revolution The Biggest War in France" essay for you Create order Monarchy is when the king only has the supreme power over the whole country and no else can take over it. Louis XVI decided to help out the Americans when they were needing help because Britain was fighting against the Americans. I am not saying that helping out someone out is a bad idea but Louis XVI misused the money, which affected France to near bankruptcy. This idea of Louis XVI was causing France a big time. The French Revolution was later to change the French government, the social class structure and lastly, the balance of power in France. Q1 and Q2: Louis XVI was the last King of France (1774-1792). Louis XVI was the worst the king for France because his policy of not raising taxes and helping out the American Revolution made France go into debt very quickly. Louis XVI didnt want to take any responsibility of what he has done so he then decided to make some laws that werent fair to the nobles and the people of France. From the kings decisions, the poor people and the peasants had to suffer a lot. I found a quote from an article that states, The upheaval was caused by widespread discontent with the French monarchy and the poor economic policies of King Louis XVI, who met his death by guillotine, as did his wife Marie Antoinette. This is important because it shows how Louis XVI decisions as a monarch king was not a good idea for France to be a successful country. Later on, Louis XVI didnt want to deal with the problems he had caused France so he wanted to flee from France but since he was caught from escaping, he execut ed by the guillotine which is when they cut your head off. Q2: By 1789 everything changed in France, want I mean is that the people had enough of the kings decisions. They had a meeting to change the rules of the Kings laws. In the article of Louis XVI biography, I found a quote that states, On May 5 of 1789, Louis XVI convened the Estates-General to address the fiscal crisis, an advisory assembly of different estates or socio-economic classes (the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners). The meeting did not go well. By June, the Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly, aligned with the bourgeoisie, and set out to develop a constitution. This was the first time that the King had brought up the Estates General since 1614. This includes the 3 social classes which are the clergy, the nobles, and the peasants. When it says, the meeting did not go well, it is saying that the third class which is the peasants werent having their voice heard so they decided to make a law called the National Assembly. Q2: The National Assembly was the most important part for the balance of power in France because even though the peasants made up the whole country, they were still able to be defeated by the other two bodies. For example, there are 3 estates right, then the king or the estates decide to make a law but it does a favor to the clergies and the nobles but not to the peasants. The vote will be 2 against 1 and unfortunately, the 3rd estate will be losing against that law which will make them suffer even more. I found a quote from this article that states, In the lead-up to the May 5 meeting, the Third Estate began to mobilize support for equal representation and the abolishment of the noble veto, in other words, they wanted to vote by a head and not by status. While all of the orders shared a common desire for fiscal and judicial reform as well as a more representative form of government, the nobles, in particular, were loath to give up the privileges they enjoyed under the traditional system. This basically means that the 3rd estate had enough of being like slaves. In that meeting, they all about had the same equal power which then ended up going to the 3rd estate side. I know this because in the evidence about it talks about how the nobles had to give up the privileges that they enjoyed doing since they were in the traditional system. This meant that the 3rd estate had won their discussion with creating the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY. Later on, some of the clergies and nobles want to join the law that was created. Unfortunately, on July 14 there was a war in France. The war was called the Storming of the Bastille. This war was the war that definitized the French Revolution. A bunch of rioters decided to take some gunpowder and weapons away from the military. The peasants didnt want to lose this fight since the National Assembly was not confirmed yet, they revolted for years to be successful. I found a quote from an article that states, Revolting against years of exploita tion, peasants looted and burned the homes of tax collectors, landlords, and the seigniorial elite. This means that these were the ways that the peasants revolted to get there National Assembly into a law. Revolting was a good way to say that we are not giving up until we have to want we want. Revolting is another way of striking or not willing to do something for that person who is against your decisions. Q3: The French Revolutionary War has resolved lots of issues that France had. For example, it took away monarchy, religion was put to a side, and lastly, there was a redistribution of wealth. All of these things were very beneficial for French citizens. I found a quote that states, The following month, amid a wave of violence in which Parisian insurrectionists massacred hundreds of accused counterrevolutionaries, the Legislative Assembly was replaced by the National Convention, which proclaimed the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the French Republic. This is important because it shows how the Legislative Assembly was more efficient than the National Convention. I know this because the Legislative Assembly completely took away the monarchy from France and establish France as a republic which it was better and successful. The citizens were not playing around with the Revolution. They were making sure that their voice would be heard, and killed anyone who wasnt with them. In France, they used to practice Catholicism but after the French Revolution, it was completely destroyed from France. In the text of an article, it states, Frances population of 28 million was almost entirely Catholic, with full membership of the state denied to Protestant and Jewish minorities. Being French effectively meant being Catholic. The Catholic Church may have been the church of the majority of the French people, but its wealth and perceived abuses meant that it did not always have their trust. This proves that religion was no longer a part of French life because the people who were in charge of the church were taking advantage of the poor people. This is really sad because there was a bunch of people who accepted this religion and the pope were making the people look like fools. This is very unfortunate but this how things go in life and also the Catholic Church a lot of land and money that the French citizens thought it was unfair. Due to this act, the wealth was being distributed to the whole citizens and it was equally for every French citizen Q4: After the French Revolutionary war, there was the REIGN OF TERROR. This was the worst living moments for the French citizens because during this time they would kill anybody who looked suspicious of being with the revolution. The author states, They also unleashed the bloody Reign of Terror (la Terreur), a 10-month period in which suspected enemies of the revolution were guillotined by the thousands. Many of the killings were carried out under orders from Robespierre, who dominated the draconian Committee of Public Safety until his own execution on July 28, 1794. This means that for 10 months people had to live in fear, werent able to go out freely, because they were afraid that they would be killed for being suspicious. Many people were afraid of that 10-months period. It all had to do with one man, and his name was Maximilien Robespierre. He was trusted by the people but he abused that power and wanted to feel like a king. He was practically selfish. After those ten months, he was finally executed from the guillotine. After he had died, there was a man named Napoleon Bonaparte. He was born in 1769 and died at 1821. This man was a military leader but later on his life, he became the emperor of France at age of 20. Napoleon was a very successful man in the battlefield and mostly won every battle in the war. In an article I found a quote that states the accomplishments of Napoleon, Napoleon worked to restore stability to post-revolutionary France. He centralized the government; instituted reforms in such areas as banking and education; supported science and the arts; and sought to improve relations between his regime and the pope (who represented Frances main religion, Catholicism), which had suffered during the revolution. One of his most significant accomplishments was the Napoleonic Code, which streamlined the French legal system and continues to form the foundation of French civil law to this day. Napoleon was very successful for France but unfortunately , he was exiled from France because he abdicated the throne for two years which I guess the people didnt like that and he moved to the island of Elba. With Napoleon there, lots of successfulness for France but the Fall of Napoleon was to be remembered forever. In conclusion, the French revolutionary war was the biggest war in France. When I say the biggest, I dont mean that it took a long time or it spread the nation, I mean this was the way that France was to be united equally, to have peace and to be conquerable in Europe. Like how I have said above the French Revolution War change the Government by making into an equal society where the poor peasants are able to be heard and the laws were changed to the Legislative Assembly. The social class was change too because the poor peasants voice wasnt being heard but since there were changes made they were able to have the social class equal to each other. Lastly, this revolution was able to help out during the Congress of the Vienna because the meeting was to help bring peace throughout Europe.

Social Development During The Early Childhood Years

This purpose of this study, done in Pakistan, was to identify social development in the early childhood years. One hundred and forty, random selected, boys and girls from Lahore City were used in this study. Fifteen was randomly chosen from each of eight private schools between the ages of 3 and 8. They were divided into three groups; 3 to 4 year olds, 4 to 6 year olds and 6 to 8 year olds. A checklist was developed to help collect data about children’s social development, consisting of 53 questions and two columns of yes or no, for opinions of teachers, by three experts in childhood education. The checklist covered areas of development consisting of individual characteristics, social skills, communication skills and peer relationships. One of the experts visited each of the schools and explained to the teachers how to observe the children. After one week the observational sheets were collected. Percentages computed identify various patterns in the data to reach certain conclu sions. The results in the 3 to 4 year olds were: 60% do not usually show a positive mood for the whole day; positive relationships with peers is shown in 75%; when reminded 30% say thank you; 65 percent interact in non-verbal ways with peers such as a nod or a smile, and engage in games with adults; 60% showed interaction and exchange of information with peers; 68% participated in classroom group activities; 75% feel embarrassed when someone talks about their words or habits to someone else; 63% showedShow MoreRelatedEducating Children With Essential Cognitive Development757 Words   |  4 PagesCurriculums Fostering Social Development Early childhood education programs provide children with essential cognitive development. These programs also foster social development. Children can learn the social rules for interacting with other children; for example, how to share their toys. 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These theories conclude that there is an association between the formation of personality in childhood and that of future criminal behaviour. The Freudian theory of development suggests that

Biooo Free Essays

Joaquin B. Agony, Glacial S. Beanie (14 August 2014) (21 August 2014) l. We will write a custom essay sample on Biooo or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction Microscopes and the field of Science are two inseparable things. Almost all Sciences are associated with the use of a microscope, a device use to view objects which are not visible to the naked eye. The term microscope came from the Greek term â€Å"Micros† which means â€Å"small† and â€Å"Spoken† which means â€Å"to examine† (Vocabulary. Com, 2014). Today, microscopes are of great importance especially on the field of Biological Science. One of its major use is to determine the sizes of microorganisms which are of great importance in understanding certain biological phenomena. Getting the actual size of microscopic objects such as microorganisms using calibrated eyepiece micrometer is termed micrometer (Echoic, et. Al. , 2000). It is important for investigators across a number of disciplines. A biologist, for example, needs to know the exact size of two organisms to provide an intelligent comparison (I. E. Almoner). The intent of this activity is to create an awareness in proper handling techniques ND correct use of a microscope to students pursuing courses in the field of Biological Sciences. This activity is also intended to teach students microscope calibration techniques. II. Materials and Methods To able to obtain the exact measurement of a specimen, the ocular micrometer should be calibrated first. By doing so, the calibration constant (C) is obtained. To get the calibration constant, a stage micrometer, an ocular micrometer and a microscope is used. The ocular micrometer was placed inside the ocular lens of the microscope and the stage micrometer on the stage. The field was adjusted so that a line in the ocular micrometer is superimposing a line in the stage micrometer. Once this was set, the number of divisions in both micrometers from the first superimposing lines to the next line that superimposed was counted. The number of divisions in the stage micrometer was divided by the divisions in the ocular micrometer. The quotient was multiplied by pm. The product obtained was the calibration constant. The calibration constant was determined in each of the objective lenses of the microscope. Once the ocular micrometer was calibrated, the pessimism were viewed and measured. The correct measurement was obtained by counting the ocular micrometer divisions occupied by the specimen and multiplying it by the calibration constant of the objective lens used. The deviation between the measurement should only appear on the decimal places of the figure. Ill. Results and Discussion Table 1. Calibration Constant Under Different Microscope Objective Lenses Table 1. 0 shows the summary for the computed calibration constant under the high power objective (HOP) and the the low power objective (LOOP). Under the HOP, the umber of divisions in the ocular micrometer between the two superimposing lines is four while on the stage micrometer it is five. Dividing five by four, the value 1. 25 is obtained. This is not yet the calibration constant. The value 1. 25 should be multiplied by pm to get the C. How to cite Biooo, Papers

Compliance Of Medications For Harboring Positive Outcomes - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Compliance Of Medications For Harboring Positive Outcomes In COPD Patients. Answer: Introduction Over the years, it has been observed that the treatment for COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) has been advanced, non-adherence to the medical regimes that poses a significant form of barriers that have relevance to the most favorable management. The underuse, overuse and the inappropriate use if continues might lead to the most prevalent form of non-compliance to the therapy (Alanin, 2015). It has been seen that an average of forty to sixty percentage of the patients who are suffering from COPD complies to the prescribed form of the regime and only one out of ten patients performs all the main steps for medications correctly. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD has the distinct characteristics of reduction in the daily activities and participation. For the COPD patients along with the medication therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation is necessary. There are some studies which state the effects of occupational therapy on the COPD patients. The occupational therapy in the patients of COPD shows the decrease in dyspnoea, increase of confidence in the job and an improvement in the activity of the lifestyle (Malapel-Empis et al., 2013). The COPD patients need the assistances of the Occupational therapists for the betterment of their day to day activities. The occupational therapists are been defined as the task for rehabilitation for the COPD patients by giving them the maximum functions for independence for sustaining the specific activities for the daily life. The COPD patients needs the assistances of the Occupational therapists for the betterment of their day to day activities The occupational therapists are been defined as the task for rehabilitation for the COPD patients by giving them the maximum functions for independence for sustaining the specific activities for the daily life. Background The therapies of COPD are majorly multi factorial and that can involve both the patients and the provider for the primary care. The effect of the instructions of the patients on the inhaler adherence and the rescue to the utilization of the medications for the patients with COPD do not feel parallel for the results that are good and that are reported by the patients who are suffering from asthma (Kirby et al., 2016). However, the use of the combined form of the inhaler may be facilitated to adhere to the medications that can improve the efficacy and the pharmaco economic factors for the influence of the selection of the patient for both the device and the regime. The health belief, behaviors and the experiences of the patients plays an important role in the therapy for adherence to the patients. The manuscripts also review that the patients with COPD are able to identify the predictors of the poor form of adherence (Fung et al., 2012). However, with the adherence to the medications, another factor that are needed for the COPD patients are the need for the Occupational therapists. The occupational therapy and the use of the self care and the activities of work and play promotes and maintains the health and prevents the form of disability and increases the independent form of functioning and can somehow enhance the rate of the development (Alanin, 2015). The organizations essentially includes all form of activities or the tasks that are been performed on every day basis. For example, being dressed, playing a form of sport, cooking the meals, taking the classes and working at the jobs are been considered as the form of occupation. The participants in the occupations serves various form of purpose that essentially includes, taking good care of themselves and then communicating with others for earning the living and developing the skills for contributing something for the society. It is very much evident that the COPD patient suffers from many problems that remain unmet in their lives. The main problems that are certainly faced by them are their impairment from doing their daily activities. Now for them the need for the occupational therapists becomes immense. These patients who are suffering from COPD that essentially includes the problems related to the psychological, physiological or the symptomatical problems. The patients can have certain physical form of ailments that be reduced by the proper physiotherapy or the patient is going through a very low self-esteem that can be reduced by some expert advices from the occupational therapists. Therefore, the occupational therapists are needed for fulfilling the basic needs of the patients that are not been done by the doctors or the nurses (Alanin, 2015). According to the World health Organization, it has been estimated that currently 210 millions of people are suffering from COPD and out of which three million people have died as per the records in 2005. The WHO has also predicted that soon COPD can become the 4th form of cause for death worldwide in the year 2030. The burdens of COPD are assessed by the disability and the adjusted form of the life years that have been ranked 10th in worldwide forum. The total number of death from the COPD can be thought to witness an increase by the amount of 30 percent in the coming one decade unless there has been any urgent form of the preventive measures that prevails in the in the place (Alif et al., 2016). The occupational therapy can help to improve the outcomes in the patients with chronic diseases for example COPD. Various pulmonary rehabilitation programs is being proposed for the improvement of the capacity and the life of the patients suffering from COPD. These programs help to improve the survival as they can modify the prognostic indicators. The pulmonary rehabilitation helps to relief from fatigue. It also improves the sense of control which the individuals can impose over their conditions. The mentioned improvements are clinically significant and large. These form a set of important elements of the management process of COPD and also help in improvement of quality of life (Anderson Hennen, 2010). Although it is a known fact that COPD cannot be cured properly and the optimal form of the management that provides the control of the symptoms slows the progression of the disease and may essentially bring improvement in the quality of life. The management of COPD may become suboptimal and when the physicians tends to fail for prescribing the appropriate form of therapies due to the evidence based guidelines and the under diagnosis, the patients aromatically adhere to the treatment of the regimes (Apps et al., 2016). Not many literary works exist on the knowledge of the physician and the patterns for the individuals with COPD that may lead to the suboptimal management and can have an adverse impact the outcomes of the patient. Adherence can be defined as the extent to which a persons behavior (in terms of taking medications, following diets, or executing lifestyle changes) coincides with medical or health advice. Purpose of the Study There are various factors for the predisposition of the patients with COPD for their poor form of adherence. The recognition of this form of non-adherence in the patients who are suffering from COPD must always be the initial stage for the complicated form of process that leads to the improvement of the adherence. The prescription of the inhaled form of medication requires the knowledge from the different form of groups and there are options for the combination of potential form of clinical efficacy (Bendixen et al., 2014). It essentially requires being very much familiar with the several form of the aerosol delivery devices. There has been newer form of medications and several devices that improves the clinical form of outcomes and the ease for the use of typically mean and higher form of pocket expenses for the patients. The perception of the patients for their illness and their understandings for the treatments and their relationships with the primary form of care providers are th e critical form of adherence to the therapy. The main purpose of the study is to know the importance of Occupational therapists to resolve the unmet healthcare services of the COPD patients. However, the literature reviews the various other researchers that had the same approach like the current study (Berekoff, 2017). Aims and objectives The main of the proposal is how the occupational therapists will provide knowledge to the COPD patients about the disease and their treatments. Objective: To observe the effect of Occupational therapists on the ADL (activities of daily life) of the patients who are suffering from COPD from the past 5 years. Literature Review Three basic types of the non-adherence to the therapy exist: underuse, overuse and the improper form of use. The underuse is defined to be the reduction in the apparent in the daily use versus the standard of the dosage for the medications that has been indicated for the treatment or the prevention of the disease or the conditions. The improper use or the inappropriate use by confirming whether the drugs are been ineffective not indicated or there is an unnecessary duplication for the therapy (Enright, 2016). Although there has been the three factors that contributes to the definition of the literature , where there are limited form of limitations that has the evidences that links the specific form of factors to each form of the non adherence in the patients with COPD that are underuse (Fung et al., 2012). By contrasting it, the improper form of use in the most frequent types of the non-adherence of the patients who are older than sixty-five years of age with the polypharmacy. The factors with the tendency for the associations with the unnecessary drugs that are being used includes the white race, annual incomes that goes in to the prescribed form of medications and the lack in the health belief of the patients. In case of the older adults there are higher form of independence and the self reliance that have been associated in the lower form of adherence for the medications for considering the inappropriate form in the lack of effectiveness and the lack of the indications. The inhaled form of the medications are that are inappropriate is due to the lack of the effectiveness of the indications (Gardner et al., 2017). The patients who are suffering from the improper form of the COPD are generally due to the underuse of the proper medications. However, due to the forgetting of the occasional form of dose, the patients with the underuse have the higher form of risks for the morbidity that are related to adherences. The recent form of evaluations for the use of the ICS emerges from the primary care of the patients that have been revealed up to the thirty percent of the patients who did not have the clear form of indications for this form of medications. Although there are improper form of use for the that co exists in the same form that can coexists in the same patients, improper use may not correlate with underuse (Kirby et al., 2016). However, evidences for the overuse of the short acting form of beta agonists in the patients who are suffering from asthma exist, but it is little known facts that the real incidences of the over usage in the patients who are suffering from COPD. During the respiratory distresses, it has been seen that roughly half of the patients have reported using more than the prescribed amount of the medications (Laver et al., 2017). The patients who are suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases often experiences the problems in performing the daily living activities. There are various researches that administers the self reported quality of the ADL task performances of the patients who are suffering from COPD (Li et al., 2017). The majority of the patients who are suffering from the chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases tend to experirnce the decreased form of ability for performing the activities of the daily life tasks that are been caused for the diminished form of the quality of life. The COPD is achronic form of the disease that are been characterized by the shortening of the breadth, coughing that are been accompanied by some sputum, the reduced level of the functioning of the lungs, the deconditioning, anxiety and the depression. However, the pulmonary rehabilitation proggrammes for the groups of the patients who are suffering from COPD may certainly reduce the hospital readmissions, mortality and the exacerbation (Lundquist, 2015). According to Gimeno-Santos et al., (2014), low level of physical inactivity is associated with poor prognosis in patients with COPD. As COPD patients are comparatively less physically active than healthy patients, it is necessary to understand the determinants and outcomes of physical activity in such patients to improve their health. Physical inactivity can occur due to many reasons but it can be treated among the patients with COPD. Pulmonary rehabilitation has drastically affected in the improvement of the physical activity in the COPD patients (Malapel-Empis et al., 2013). Unmet health care needs can be defined as the difference between the healthcare services that is needed and services that are received. The basic determinant of health is the access to the health care and its distribution among the population which is a vital problem of the healthcare services (Martinsen et al., 2017). The unmet needs are considered as tools used for monitoring the access and the extent of use in health care. Ethical issues As COPD is a progressive disease is often characterized by frequent occurring of respiratory failure. At this point the ethical dilemmas occur for deciding whether to initiate the mechanical ventilation for the patients of COPD. For the benefits of the ventilation in the patient with COPD, a physician must consider the results of the respiratory failure of the patient (Martinsen et al., 2017). There are some therapies such as pulmonary rehabilitation which emphasizes the behavioral change through the self management. It may lead to increase in the capacity of greater participation for the physical activities. Both of these capacities of exercise and the changes in behavior are important for achieving the long lasting increase in the physical activities in COPD patients (Michaeloudes et al., 2016). The patients who are suffering from the improper form of the COPD are generally due to the underuse of the proper medications. However, due to the forgetting of the occasional form of dose, the patients with the underuse have the higher form of risks for the morbidity that are related to adherences. The recent form of evaluations for the use of the ICS emerges from the primary care of the patients that have been revealed up to the thirty percent of the patients who did not have the clear form of indications for this form of medications. Although there are improper form of use for the co exists in the same form that can coexists in the same patients, there might be an absence of a relationship between improper use and underuse (Petersen Larsen, 2011). However, there are evidences for the overuse of the short acting form of beta agonists in the patients who are suffering from asthma, but it is little known facts that the real incidences of the over usage in the patients who are suffering from COPD. During the respiratory distresses, it has been seen that approximately half of the patients have reported using more than the prescribed amount of the medications (Pierce et al., 2016). The patients who are suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases often experience the problems in performing the daily living activities. There are various researches that administer the self reported quality of the ADL task performances of the patients who are suffering from COPD (Sewell Singh, 2001). The majority of the patients who are suffering from the chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases tend to experience the decreased form of ability for performing the activities of the daily life tasks that are been caused for the diminished form of the quality of life (Pinto-Plata et al., 2017). The COPD is a chronic form of the disease that are been characterized by the shortening of the breadth, coughing that are been accompanied by some sputum, the reduced level of the functioning of the lungs, the reconditioning, anxiety and the depression. However, the pulmonary rehabilitation programs for the groups of the patients who are suffering from COPD may certainly reduce the hospital readmissions, mortality and the exacerbation (Tsiligianni et al., 2017). de Groot PhD van der Maas MSc, (2014) further showed that use of validated occupational tool might help to manage newly admitted patients with chronic pain in rehabilitation clinic. Such tools helps to interpret care and structure patie nt;s thought related to treatment and therapy. Methodology Design of the study The study is a Qualitative dissertation with a Narrative case study. The study is based on how theOccupational therapist helps to maintain the ADL (Activities of Daily Lives) of the COPD patients. The COPD patients were are selected from the Lung Foundation of Australia.. The researcher will design a fully structured form of interview with five participants. After identifying the patients who are suffering from COPD as the target population, five patients between the age group of 20 to 50 years will be selected and interviewed. This will be achieved by seeking the consent of the participants, informing them about the significance of the research and eventually scheduling an interview to directly engage them by asking comprehensive short and long questions (Valenza et al., 2015) Procedure Firstly, the participants were given an introduction about the study from the researcher. The participants should fill the consent form that ensures that the participants are been interviewed due to their own will and they were not forced to give their interviews. Once the participants have given the consent, then the participants were being interviewed individually. The researcher recorded the responses of the participants. Each participant was provided with a questionnaire and was provided some space where they can freely express their views about COPD and their extent (Vizir Berezin, 2015). They were also allowed to tell about their views for the benefits of treatment of the COPD. Once the participants have responded to the questions, the data collection was considered complete. Lastly, once the procedure is completed, the respondents were thanked for their responses. The contact information of the researcher and supervisor were provided if the participant were interested in the results of the study (Vizir Berezin, 2015). Limitations Doctors, nurses, anyone who belongs to the field of medicine are excluded. The other important factor that should be taken into account before choosing the participants is the mood and mental health of the person. The person who seems to have a bad mood on the day of the interview is strictly avoided. For this study, both the gender both male and female participants were taken. Therefore, some biases can emerge which cannot be controlled. Time-Table (Gantt chart) Task and Time Week 1 Week 2 and 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 and 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Introduction and Search for Secondary Data Literature Review Research Methodology Design of Data Collection and Methods Data Collection Data Analysis and Presentation Conclusion and Recommendations Proof- Reading Sending First Draft to Supervisor Printing, Binding and Submission References Alanin, M. (2015).Bacteriology and treatment of infections in the upper and lower airways in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia.addressing the parenasal sinuses.ActaOtolaryngol,135, 58-63. Alif, S. M., Dharmage, S. C., Benke, G., Dennekamp, M., Burgess, J., Perret, J. L., ... Thomas, P. S. (2016). Lifetime Occupational Exposure To Vapor, Gases/fumes, Dust And Risk Of COPD At 45 Years: The Tasmanian Longitudinal Health Study (tahs). InB24. OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE(pp. A2989-A2989). American Thoracic Society. Anderson, M., Hennen, D. (2010). The effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions in pulmonary rehabilitation: A systemic literature review (Doctoral dissertation, The College of St. Scholastica). Apps, M., Mukherjee, D., Abbas, S., Minter, J., Whitfield, J., Field, S., ... Ateli, L. (2016). A Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Service Integrating Community And Hospital Services Can Improve Patient Care And Reduce Hospital Stays. InA41. THE SPECTRUM COPD CARE: FROM IDENTIFICATION TO POLICY(pp. A1523-A1523). American Thoracic Society. Bendixen, H. J., Ejlersen Whrens, E., Wilcke, J. T., Srensen, L. V. (2014). Self-reported quality of ADL task performance among patients with COPD exacerbations.Scandinavian journal of occupational therapy,21(4), 313-320. Berekoff, B. C. (2017). Conference 2017: From Innovation to Patient Solution. An international symposium held jointly by CSPS and CC-CRS, May 10-12, 2017, Montral, QC Canada.Journal of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences,20, 20-140s. de Groot PhD, S., van der Maas MSc, L. C. (2014). Canadian Occupational Performance Measure performance scale: Validity and responsiveness in chronic pain.Journal of rehabilitation research and development,51(5), 727. Enright, P. L. (2016). Oxygen desaturation during a 6-min walk identifies a COPD phenotype with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Fung, A., Chan, L. L., So, C. T., Chau, S. S., Chan, T. M., Chan, C., ... Wong, W. K. (2012). Reliability and Validity of the Self-administered Chinese Version of the Shortness of Breath Questionnaire (C-SOBQ) in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy,22(2), 75-83. Gardner, J., Swarbrick, M., Ackerman, A., Church, T., Rios, V., Valente, L., Rutledge, J. (2017). Effects of Physical Limitations on Daily Activities Among Adults With Mental Health Disorders: Opportunities for Nursing and Occupational Therapy Interventions.Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. Gimeno-Santos, E., Frei, A., Steurer-Stey, C., De Batlle, J., Rabinovich, R. A., Raste, Y., ... Kulich, K. (2014). Determinants and outcomes of physical activity in patients with COPD: a systematic review.Thorax,69(8), 731-739. Kirby, M., Tan, W. C., Hague, C., Leipsic, J., Bourbeau, J., Hogg, J. C., Coxson, H. (2016). CT Total Airway Count Explains Airflow Limitation In COPD Patients Without Emphysema. InC48. COPD: IMAGING(pp. A5202-A5202). American Thoracic Society. Laver, K., Cumming, R., Dyer, S., Agar, M., Anstey, K. J., Beattie, E., ... Dietz, M. (2017). Evidence?based occupational therapy for people with dementia and their families: What clinical practice guidelines tell us and implications for practice.Australian occupational therapy journal,64(1), 3-10. Li, H. C. W., Lam, T. H., Wong, C. N., Fong, D. Y. T., Kwong, D. L. W., Tung, S. Y., ... Sarna, L. (2017). Helping cancer patients quit smoking using brief risk communication and motivational counseling: A randomized controlled trial (poster and abstract). InHealth Research Symposium 2017, June 16, 2017, Hong Kong. Lundquist, S. (2015).Impact of gender, perception of being overweight and fat acceptance on personal agency: Establishing additional validity and reliability for the personal agency questionnaire. Alliant International University. Malapel-Empis, H., Saragoni, A., Guyot, M., Donze, C. (2013). Evaluation of user's satisfaction after their first acquisition of an electric-powered wheelchair. Martinsen, U., Bentzen, H., Holter, M. K., Nilsen, T., Skullerud, H., Mowinckel, P., Kjeken, I. (2017). The effect of occupational therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian journal of occupational therapy, 24(2), 89-97. Michaeloudes, C., Kuo, C. H., Adcock, I. M., Chung, K. F. (2016). Altered Redox And Metabolic Status In Airway Smooth Muscle Cells Of Patients With COPD. InC71. YOU ARE WHAT YOU BREATHE: AIRWAY CELL BIOLOGY IN COPD(pp. A5880-A5880). American Thoracic Society. Petersen, A., Larsen, S. (2011). Occupational therapy intervention for patients with COPD rehabilitation at home.International Journal Of Integrated Care,11(7). Pierce, G., Newell, J., Comellas, A., Hoffman, E., Warner, K., Croghan, A., ... Hoth, K. (2016). Carotid artery stiffness is associated with CT-measured lung air-trapping in COPD patients and controls independent of age, blood pressure and smoking history.Artery Research,16, 64. Pinto-Plata, V. M., Braman, S. S., Carlin, B., Dhand, R., Hanania, N., Ohar, J. A., ... Eubanks, D. (2017). Are Patients And Physicians On The Same Page? Results Of A Survey Regarding Gaps In Knowledge Among Patients With COPD And Pulmonologists On Nebulizer Therapy. InA48. COPD: ISSUES IN HEALTH CARE DELIVERY(pp. A1727-A1727). American Thoracic Society. Sewell, L., Singh, S. (2001). The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure: Is it a Reliable Measure in Clients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?.British Journal Of Occupational Therapy,64(6), 305-310. Tsiligianni, I., Rodrguez, M. R., Lisspers, K., LeeTan, T., Infantino, A. (2017). Call to action: improving primary care for women with COPD.npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine,27. Valenza, M. C., Torres-Sanchez, I., Morales-Garcia, C., Moreno, P., Rodriguez, J., Ortiz, A. (2015).Effectiveness of an occupational therapy program after AECOPD. Vizir, V. A., Berezin, A. E. (2015). Pulmonology diseases: Bronchial asthma. Copd.Pneumonias. Diagnosis and management approaches.

Freedom of speech on the internet Essay Example

Freedom of speech on the internet Paper Before the emergence of the internet the mass media was the main mediator of the opinion of the public. All the information spread out by the mass media was filtered and chosen by editors to publish. The information is selected because the media is not able to present every opinion and every voice of the public. They can never publish or broadcast all the information. The most people are simple receivers of information, because the change for average persons to express their opinions on television or radio is very small. With the advent of the internet, new actors and gatekeepers appeared. We will write a custom essay sample on Freedom of speech on the internet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Freedom of speech on the internet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Freedom of speech on the internet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although people have freedom of expression, telecom and mass media are state-regulated and also print media are supervised by the state. The idea behind this is that people are protected from abuses such as discriminations done by other citizens. With the emergence of the internet as a new technology the question arises if it needs the same regulations as other mass media. Internet Censorship Like all other media the internet is censored by the state. Governments of non-democratic counties are using censorship, but also democratic states are regulating their media. The idea behind regulation of the state is to protect the people from who are crossing the lines of humanity and morality and abuses the freedom they have online. It is definitely not the intention to limit the right of freedom of expression. With other media it is much easier to control everything that is being published. While the internet is an international network and the national borders are more pervious online. Everyone will be able to find information on websites hosted by other countries. Although governments can prevent their people from viewing certain sites by filtering what people can and cannot access. The main issues that are controlled by most media are vulgarity, racism and violence (Pallai, 2010). The good thing about censorship is that it prevents provocative material that is very likely to offense others. Everyone has freedom of expression but at the same time no one has the right to discriminate or disrespect someone. Also controls the state online advertising. To discourage people from for example smoking or drinking, there is no advertisement about those stimulants. Also to protect peoples privacy, to prevent plagiarism and to conserve morals are reasons for censorship by the state (Pallai, 2010). Some are against censorship by the state because in their opinion it affects the freedom of expression. Withholding information can lead to a lack of knowledge and a completely wrong image among the people. Sometimes it can be good to learn from extreme topics such as the dangers of sexual diseases or mindless violence by showing the public instead of trying to hide it. Besides that, when you are trying to hide issues from the people they might become more curious about it. And people should have the right to know and the right to receive reliable and accurate information. If people are badly informed they might fail to see their actual interest. (Norris, 2004) Censorship is a very complicated topic and it the government might misuse the power they have to withhold information from the people in their own advantage. However used properly, censorship can be a very valuable and useful tool. As long as it is only used to prevent abuse on the internet and to protect people from getting hurt, while maintaining the freedom of expression. Because the internet is growing, it is very likely to result in more and more control and surveillance by the state and corporations (Friedman, 1996). Simultaneously it leads to new forms and ways of communication, which will grow the treat of surveillance. It will threaten privacy and the rights of individuals, just as the rights of groups to discuss and organize on the internet. Important here is that, although privacy is threatened by many different departments, Friedman (1996) argues that the number one treat is surveillance by the government. We have to pay attention to the fact that the distribution of information technology is very likely to lead to a society that is less en less self-governed. Limitations on the internet are a fine line between protecting the people from dangers of the new technology and maintaining the right of freedom of expression. But we have to make sure that, by putting restricting on the accessibility of the internet, we dont prejudice the great positive potential of this new technology. Because maybe some rules devised for other kinds of media, might be unsuitable for the internet (Human rights education associates, 2010). An other disadvantage that influences the freedom of expression is the accessibility of it. The cost of the internet, once provided a computer, are significantly lower than most other communication media. However anyone who wants to participate needs the hardware that is necessary to get online. That means you have to have the money for purchasing computer equipment. Although the internet is a very fast growing new technology, it is still not available for the most people in the world (Hacker, 1996). The biggest problem that arises is that a great part of the people doesnt have the funds to get access to the internet, which means they are not able to participate. New technologies favor those who with capital, more than those without capital (Hacker, 1996, pp. 226). Friedland (1996) stated in his article that democracy is changed by the internet but it is seldom thoroughly specified. With the emergence of this new technology, a new form of democracy arises, which leads to new citizen practices. The increase of a confidential information infrastructure will cause a growing inequality between the people who have access to all the information and the ones who have not. Therefore it will threaten democratic participation. The only way to secure that everyone has the same benefits and access to the information is making sure the sector is controlled by public provision and contribution. Conclusion Freedom of expression is a primary human right and everyone deserves that right. With the emergence of the internet people have been introduced to a whole new form of human interaction. With the access to the World Wide Web people are able to cross borders and to express their selves freely, without limits. Because the internet is not administered by one single entity, it is a very open medium, which clarifies itself by the variety of communications forms. With hardly any boundaries it is difficult to protect the human rights. The great power of the internet is at the same time the greatest weakness. Like other media, the internet is censored by the state. Important is to make sure that we dont prejudice the great positive potential of this new technology by putting restriction on the internet. The internet will have a positive impact on freedom of expression and democracy as long as it represents the voice of the public, without limit (Norris, 2004). Unfortunately the control of the state often limits the freedom of expression, ignoring the interests and the needs of the public. Even though it is not the most sufficient choice, censorship by the government is necessary. Norris (2004) is making clear that states with free, widespread and independent media are stronger and more stable than others. It illustrates that free and uncensored media can play an essential role in maintaining democracy and freedom of expression. In addition to that there is a large group in the population that doesnt have access to the internet. There will be a growing inequality between the people who have access and the ones who have not and that will threaten democratic participation. The only way to secure equality is making sure the internet is controlled by the state. References: Article 19. International treaties, principles and declarations. [Online] Available at: http://www. article19. org/work/regions/latin-america/FOI/english/intstandards/index. html (Accessed: 31 October 2010) Friedland, L. A. (1996). Electronic democracy and the new citizenship. Media, Culture Society 18(2), pp. 185-212. Hacker, K. L. (1996). Missing links in the evolution of electronic democratization. Media, Culture Society 18(2), pp. 213-232. Human rights education associates (2010). Freedom of expression. [Online]. Available at: http://www. hrea. org/index. php? doc_id=408 (Accessed: 1 November 2010) Jacobs, J. (1998). Democracy and the internet. [Online]. Available at: http://www. abc. net. au/ola/citizen/interdemoc/democ. htm (Accessed: 30 October 2010) Jorgensen, R. F. (2001). Internet and freedom of expression. [Online]. Available at: http://scholar. google. nl/scholar? q=internet+and+freedom+of+expressionhl=nlas_sdt=0as_vis=1oi=scholart (Accessed: 31 October 2010) McSmith, A. (2007). The big question: does the internet liberate or undermine democracy? The Independent, 23 February 2007. [Online] Available at: http://www. independent. co. uk/news/uk/politics/the-big-question-does-the-internet-liberate-or-undermine-democracy-437477. html (Accessed: 30 October 2010) Norris, P. (2004). Giving a voice to the voiceless: good government, human development and mass communications. [Online]. Available at: http://ksghome. harvard. edu/~. pnorris. shorenstein. ksg/Acrobat/Pfetsch%20chapter. pdf. (Accessed: 1 November 2010) Pillai, P. (2010). Pros and cons of censorship. [Online]. Available at: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/pros-and-cons-of-censorship. html (Accessed: 1 November 2010).

Writing Motivation How to Persevere in Writing When You Want to Give Up

Writing Motivation How to Persevere in Writing When You Want to Give Up Writing Motivation: How to Persevere in Writing When You Feel Like Giving Up Writing motivation is fickle. It comes and goes but the feeling of wanting to give up might linger even longer.So how do you persevere in writing if you feel like giving up?Contrary to popular belief, writers and authors dont just want to write all day every day. Maybe the very rare person does, but thats not the normAnd so writers must learn to reach beyond themselves and understand how to stay motivated to write and persevere until they finish writing a book, especially if you want to self-publish a book.Heres how to keep your writing motivation high:Learn how perseverance in writing worksForming a writing habitGather the right writing toolsIncrease writing motivation through dedicationKeep your writing datesKeep the document visibleDo writing sprintsConnect with other authorsBe kind to yourselfNOTE: If you want a system as well as an accountability resource to keep up your writing motivation, check out our VIP Self-Publishing Program where we do just that (with 1-on-1 coaching) an d much more. Learn more about it hereHow Perseverance Works, Even in WritingI’m going to start with showing you an image of my nine-year-old’s perseverance that can be applied to anyone.Every week she climbs a 16 ft rope at her gymnastics class. She decided that she was going to make it to the bell about 2 months ago and she has steadily climbed further up the rope each week.Her hands slide up the rope with precision, her knees are out like a butterfly and she uses her whole body to climb up the rope. Every week I shoot a Facebook live video of her.And every week the time it takes her to climb the rope decreases.Preserving in writing is a lot like my 9-year-olds determination to squirm her way up the rope.It is climbing, hand over hand, using all the resources you have to keep your eye on the finished target. In my daughters case, it is the bell at the top of the gymnastics rope. In my case, it is finishing my second book this year. When my family and friends ask me ab out my first book, how much time it took, and what keeps me going, I shrug and say, â€Å"I started working on it consistently in November.† I went from idea to self-published in 6 months. Of course, that was with intentional, uninterrupted writing times and the determination to keep going even when it was hard.You can write a book too. You just have to make the most of every second and continue on your journey, even when it is hard.How to Form a Writing Habit to Maintain Writing MotivationIt is not always easy to consistently write. In fact, there are days when it is downright HARD, but we all have the same 86,400 seconds in every single day.How we choose to use our time is one of the things that sets apart those who persevere in writing against those that don’t.  And forming a writing routine and habit is the best way to make that happen. I dont have a lot of time for writing during the day- so I have to create time. The absolute best time for me is to wake before the sun and spend the first two hours of my day writing and creating. I do find small chunks of time during a break at school to pull up the google doc app on my phone and write a few words. However, as you can see by Chandler’s video about burnout, it is super important to create hard and fast boundaries about your life and your writing routine, so that you don’t burnout and you’re able to continue writing.Gather the Writing Tools to Help Writing MotivationSometimes those boundaries include using the right tools for writing, which will also help you persevere and keep you motivated to keep going. The right tool or writing software is generally not your phone.That’s not to say that you can’t have your phone as an occasional tool; however, it is equally as important to understand that if you pull your computer out and go to your dedicated writing space, you will likely accomplish a lot more. There are different people and people who do things in di fferent ways. In the writing community, we call them plotters and pansters, or discovery writers. The plotters plan every single detail out and they are then able to compile their narratives. The pansters go with the flow and get things moving by simply putting one word in front of the other. Here are some of the best tools for writing:A word processing program (like Microsoft Word or Google Docs)A journalA blank piece of paperA notebookA pen/pencilA keyboardKeep in mind that the word processor you use can make a huge difference in writing motivation.For example, using something like Scrivener to track your word count and goal line can keep you pushing to reach the end.Check out our Scrivener Tutorial below if youre curious to learn more. Keep Writing Motivation Through DeterminationWhen I am most likely to want to throw in the towel, I usually get some inspiration from someone that I’ve allowed to read my work to help me keep going. If that’s not possible, I reach out to the #writingcommunity on Twitter and someone there will give me some sage advice- like go for a walk. So many writers dream of having the ability to work from home, never get dressed if they don’t have to, and being an authorpreneur. However, it takes a lot of perseverance to get there.It takes the dedication of finding the one time in your day to keep an appointment with the most important VIP in your life: yourself.How to Maintain Writing Motivation Even When it Gets ToughMy writing coach, R.E. Vance, told me that the worst thing I can do is not to look at my writing for a few days. He said that when you aren’t engaged with it, it takes longer to move to the creation part because you have to re-read, figure out where you are, and you lose momentum.So follow these steps for persevering in your writing journey every day.#1 Keep a Writing Date With YourselfYou are a very important person in this blank page to published process. So, find a time that works for you, w hether that is early in the morning or after your family is in bed for the night, and dedicate five, ten, twenty-five minutes, or an hour to working on your book.â€Å"But I am tired.†Guess what? You’re making the most of those 86,400 seconds in a day by finding a few minutes to commit to writing. Personally, I am a morning writer. I know that I am a lot less likely to be interrupted in the morning than at any other time.#2 Keep the Document Open and VisibleWhen you open your work in progress document, you’re setting yourself up for success.You know that you want to add more words to the page and you can do this by simply putting one word down and following it with the next.You can edit bad writing, but you can’t edit a blank page.Thats why keeping the doc open, no matter what writing software you use, can help keep it top of mind. Think of it like keeping a sticky note out reminding you.Whenever you log on to your computer, youll have a reminder to writ e right in front of you.#3 Do Writing SprintsFor those of you who dont know, writing sprints are when you set a timer and simply write as much as you can during that time. You dont go back and read, you dont edit, you just write and keep writing until the time is up.Set a timer for a few minutes. It can be one minute, it can be two minutes, or it can twenty minutes.You get to decide how many minutes you want for a sprint and then during that time period, you simply write.You write as many words as you can in that sprint and perhaps it will inspire you to do another sprint.If you want to have more accountability do this, hop on Twitter and search the hashtag #writingsprints to find people who are currently looking for sprinting buddies.This can help you stick with it and then be accountable for it at the same time, since many post their word counts after (usually followed by more sprints).#4 Connect With Other AuthorsSometimes we need a little motivation to keep us going. Most othe r authors are more than willing to help you when you’re feeling down.Reach out to the author communities on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. They often have advice for you, whether it is on their blogs or through direct messages.If youre not sure where to go to find other writers, here are some hashtags you can use to search and find people writing in your genre!PlatformHashtagsTwitter- #amwriting - #writerslife - #authorlife - #aspiringauthor - #writerproblems - #[yourgenre]writerInstagram- #amwriting (as in, "I am writing") - #writerslife - #fantasywriter, #scifiwriter, #contemporarywriter, etc. - #writerprobs, #writerproblems - #writersofig, #writersofinstagram, #writersofinstaFacebook- #amwriting (as in, "I am writing") - #writerslife - #fantasywriter, #scifiwriter, #contemporarywriter, etc. - #writerprobs, #writerproblems#5 Be Kind to YourselfThe research from writer Joseph Epstein says that more than 81% of Americans believe that they have a book in them, but very few will put n the work to do it.You, however, are doing it and this deserves recognition.Often times we get down on ourselves, but in these times, you need to remember to speak to yourself like you would a friend. When I talk to a friend about my writing, they give me kudos and credit for the things I am doing. You should speak to yourself as you would speak to a friend. Writing Motivation from other AuthorsAny author will tell you that there will be days that you simply do not want to write, but many have tricks to help overcome the writing void.Here are a few of my favorite blog posts on finding the perseverance in your writing routine:7 Common Writing Mistakes that Will Stop You Finishing Your BookHow to Write Every Day (and why you should)9 Steps to Set Writing Goals and Commit to Your Book Writing PlanJust Write Every Day Of Your Life How to develop a daily writing habit, and why you shouldMake Time for Writing: Create a Writing Schedule That Works for YouRemember that there will always be times that you lose writing motivation and struggle to produce excellent content, but that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t write.Even the best writers struggle. They keep moving forward, by putting one word in front of the other and finding writing motivation that works for them, and you can too.Persevere in Writing TODAYStep 1:Set aside some of those 86,400 seconds in your day today and take time to write. It can be for 60 seconds or 60 minutes, but by putting engaging with your writing today, you are making the choice to persevere.Step 2:Sign up for your FREE training. Oftentimes, it helps to hear just how easy and manageable this process can be.

Write a America's deficit. Except Critical Thinking Deficit,The Essay

Write a America's deficit. Except Critical Thinking Deficit,The Imagination Deficit and Political Deficits(The Democracy Deficit) - Essay Example In this regard, America has developed significant critical thinking deficits. This entails the ability to envisage possible alternatives to the existing problems or solutions. This has led to more problems in managing/utilising the available resources when direly needed. Historically, America had great leaders who were both knowledgeable and fostered critical thinking. However, with time, these leaders created a political system that dampened a free thinking society, where in the long run, the voiceless members of the society were separated from the public sphere. In particular, the government was insulated from political scrutiny and the unrepresented groups did not find a chance to express their critical thoughts or grievances to the government. As much as the American government pushed for equality in one hand, critical thinking deficit kept haunting them in the other hand. For example, the religious tests for public office were banned in the constitution and separation of the church and the state was made formal in the First Amendment’s guarantee of religious freedom. This was a real form of critical thinking deficit of the members of the public – no one was allowed to think about this terrible move or provide a reasonable alternat ive. The people of America did not get a chance to exercise their critical thinking skills in the activities taking place in their very eyes. It is clear that minds that cannot see the truth behind forms of political deception cannot present prospective thoughts. For example, the 9/11 event left everyone murmuring, with critical thinking advances getting strategically destroyed in a bid to kill critical thinking and bury the truth behind the attack (Dower & Hein 4). This was, in addition to the dampening of the calls for formulating constructive and reasonable approaches to the problem. Finally, critical thinking deficit is evident when America went to war in Afghanistan.

Site analysis on The Piazza de Campidoglio Research Paper

Site analysis on The Piazza de Campidoglio - Research Paper Example At the center of the courtyard stands, Michelangelo designed a statue of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius whose base. He came up with a design relevant to the original trapezoidal for the squire that had intriguing oval shaped at the center. He came up with Palazzo Nuovo just opposite the Palazzo dei Conservotori. He finished his work by constructing a magnificent Staircase called the Cordonata [3]. The design brought a new dimension in urban planning, and it was seen as a touch of brilliance from Michelangelo to revive the place that was already in ruins and made it the Roman social and political events. The building currently stands as the Rome city hall. Capitoline Hill was an ideal choice of location for building such an important monument of the Roman Emperor and many other significant buildings due to: i) the historical background of the Capitoline hill. Capitol Hill is the most important of all the Rome emperor seven hills. Capitoline hill symbolizes the epicenter of the Rome power (might).It hosts the most important buildings in Rome like Palazzo dei conservatori, Palazzo del senator and Palazzo Nuovo. The hill has very important historical status like Castor, Pollux, horse statue at Capitol Hill entrance and Replica of the equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius. Capitol Hill hosted important temples like Temple of Jupiter, Temple of Veiovis, Temple of Juno Moneta and Temple of Ludi Capitolini. On top of the hill lies the old church Santa Maria in Aracoeli [3]. Therefore, the hill historically has accommodated much important building; therefore, many important personalities frequent it. It also accommodates many Tourists some of them come from as far as Africa and America. The building Palazzo Senatorio is originally known as the palace of senators a name made its original function as seats for the senators which it help until 1870 when finally palazzo became the seat of the renown Rome City. It also

Taoism and the Yin Yang Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Taoism and the Yin Yang Philosophy - Essay Example Taoism Taoism serves as both a philosophy and a religion. Its roots can be traced back to ancient Shamanism. The Tao Te Ching which is the second most translated book in history codifies Taoism. Lao Tzu the sage wrote the 81 poems in 500 BC. Taoism is centered on a number of fundamental principles. Just like any other philosophical point of view, it gives a way of perceiving and comprehending reality. The word â€Å"Tao† means the way. The meaning is inclusive of both the way in which individuals view the world surrounding them and the way they interact with life. Our path of action and way of being in the world is influenced by how we view reality. The key principle of Taoism is that all manifestation and life is part of a whole which is inseparable. It is an interrelated organic unity that originates from a mysterious, deep and basically unexplainable origin that is the Tao itself. This principle comprises of everything imaginable. A number of Western translators have likene d this concept to the idea of God, absolute reality or universal mind among others (Centre of Traditional Taoist Studies, 2009). Basic principles of Taoism All aspects of existence are unified by the Tao Te Ching. It brings together both the spiritual and earthly dimensions with principles that operate at the same time in metaphysical, mental and physical realms. Classical Taoist instruction therefore included philosophy, meditation, physical exercise and religious ceremonies to strengthen how core principles exceed dimensions. There are nine key Principles of Taoism that precisely explain its cornerstone religious doctrines. The first principle is that the goal is contentment. Contentment is defined as the only measure that should be used to estimate personal success. Taoism teaches that a physical existence that is content will best make the soul ready for the time when the body will be cast off (Centre of Traditional Taoist Studies, 2009). The second principle is oneness-a holist ic view. Taoism as a religious and philosophical system is built on a view of reality that is holistic. It uses principles that cut across the seen as well as unseen dimensions to unify all existence. Universal oneness is represented with white and black colors that rotate in a circle using its renowned yin-yang symbol. The third principle is the manifestation of the Tao. Since reason alone cannot be trusted, Taoism avoids conceptions that cannot be tested and affirmed by practical application. This requires a Taoist to not only rely on speculation but learn by looking at concrete demonstrations of larger universal forces. The fourth principle is that nature is unkind. Seemingly, since all effort is committed towards survival, there is little compassion in the natural world. Taoists are therefore encouraged by Lao Tzu to adopt an outlook of harsh unconcern towards everyone except a few loved ones. The fifth principle is that of society versus the individual. Taoism is mainly a philo sophy for the individual. It perceives society to be inclusive of confused individuals that freely resign to alluring social patterns. The Taoist therefore distinguishes effective beliefs from ineffective ones. This is by understanding the presence of useful individual beliefs and possibly useless social values (Centre of Traditional Taoist Studies, 2009). The sixth principle is th

Synthesis of Cyclohexene from Cyclohexanol

Synthesis of Cyclohexene from Cyclohexanol Experiment #1: Synthesis of Cyclohexene from Cyclohexanol Johanna Bernadette C. Halili Mr. John Ephraim Torres June 21, 2014 ABSTRACT The synthesis of cyclohexene from cyclohexanol is an example of elimination reaction. Cyclohexanol, a secondary unsaturated alcohol, undergoes dehydration reaction to form a good leaving group which is H20 because the OH group of an alcohol is a very strong base making it a poor leaving group. The reaction will then be followed by the obstruction of a hydrogen atom to form a carbon double bond or an alkene which in this case is cyclohexene. Cyclohexene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon which is very reactive due to its negative center (Ault, 1973; Williamson, 2013; Eagleson, 1994). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is an instrument which is used to separate gaseous substances and it functions as an analyzer for the compound. This instrument may be able to provide the molecular weight, formula and structure of an unknown compound. Synthesis was done via simple distillation since distillation gives a relatively pure yield (Karesek-Clement, 1988). Phosphoric acid was added to cyclohexano l in a round bottomed flask to have the dehydration reaction which would yield to the cyclohexene. It was then distilled and the group was able to get 3 ml of yield. The distillate was observed using the mass spectrometer and it showed that the yield had an 81.98 molecular weight which is very close to the theoretical molecular weight of cyclohexene which is 82. Fragments were also observed with the result obtained and some can be considered as impurities. The product was affirmed to be cyclohexene based from the results obtained from the mass spectra. We can say that the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is a great tool in analyzing either an unknown or for comparative reasons of a compound since it gives accurate results. Also, it is recommended to analyze at once the product for it not to evaporate. INTRODUCTION Alcohols undergo elimination reaction in the presence of a strong acid to form an alkene. Strong acids such as Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) are used in the dehydration reaction of alcohols. The acid needs to protonate the –OH group because -OH is a strong base making it a poor leaving group. Once the –OH has been protonated to H20, it can leave and the nucleophile will obstruct a beta hydrogen to form a carbon double bond or an alkene (Williamson, 2013). An example of this reaction was observed in this experiment with the synthesis of cyclohexanol to cyclohexene via distillation and extraction. Cyclohexanol is a secondary saturated alcohol with boiling point of 100.16 celcius which undergoes elimination reaction to form cyclohexene product with respect to their interaction with the column (stationary phase) and the gas/helium (mobile phase). A mass spectrum may be able to give the following information: molecular weight, molecular formula and molecular structure of the substance (Ault, 1973).. The objectives of this experiment are to isolate cyclohexene from cyclohexanol through acid-catalyzed elimination of water and to be able to determine the identity of the distillate product through Gas Chromatography. II. METHODOLOGY In this experiment, Cyclohexanol was synthesized to cyclohexene via distillation and extraction. In a 50 ml round bottomed flask, 5.0 grams of cyclohexanol, 1 ml of 85% phosphoric acid and boiling chips were added. After the flask was swirled to mix the contents, it was attached to a fractionating column which was fitted with a distilling adapter, thermometer and a simple condenser. The flask was heated using an oil bath with boiling chips for 5 minutes. The distillation process was done until the residue reduced to 1 to 15 ml. The group was able to collect only 3 ml of distillate. The receiver was placed in an ice bath for the residue not to evaporate. The distillate in the receiver was then transferred to a separatory funnel. Furthermore, 5 ml of water was added and was stoppered and mixed through shaking. The lower aqueous layer was discarded while the upper organic layer was decanted to an Erlenmeyer flask. Enough amount of Anhydrous sodium sulfate were placed in the Erlenmeyer f lask to absorb water residues as it was swirled occasionally for 10 minutes. The contents of the Erlenmeyer flask was then transferred to a test tube and the next distillation process was not done since the yield of the distilled product was too few. The product was then analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry apparatus in the instrument room. III.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS For this experiment, the yield was analyzed using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry apparatus. The graph shows the relationship between the relative abundance (y-axis) to M/Z ratio (x-axis). The result of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the product can be seen in fig 1 at the last page, the parent ion or the molecular ion denoted by M+ has a value of Distillation helps in obtaining purer substances. Also, an advanced instrument such as the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry apparatus gives a very accurate result or molecular weight of the product and other fragments. There can still be further modifications for better results. First, the instruments to be used should always be dried properly to make sure that there will be no impurities such as water. Second, another round of distillation should also be done to have purer product to avoid seeing impurities. Lastly, it is greatly recommended for the yield to be analyzed at once since it was observed that for some, the distillate evaporated. V.REFERENCES Bernard, M., Chandler, Z. The-Mach. Elimination reactions; cyclohexene from cyclohexanol. http://the-mach.wikispaces.com/Elimination+reaction%3B+cyclohexene+from+cyclohexanol (accessed June 12, 2014) Khan Academy. E1 elimination: Carbocation rearrangements. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/e1-e2-tutorial/v/e1-eliminationcarbocation-rearrangements (accessed June 12, 2014) Ault, A. Techniques and Experiments for Organic Chemistry, 6th ed.; Waveland Press Incorporated: Illinois, 1973. Eagleson, M. Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry; Walter De Gruyter Inc: Berlin, 1994. Masters, K., Williamson, K. Macroscale and Microscale Oorganic Experiments, 6th ed.; Cengage Learning: Stamford, USA, 2010 Clement, R.E., Karasek, F.W. Basic Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Techniques; Elsevier, 1988. University of Bristol. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). http://www.bris.ac.uk/nerclsmsf/techniques/gcms.html (accessed June 20, 2014) Baklajian, Alex (May 2012). Introduction to mass spectrometry. and water which co-distill (Eagleson, 1994). The distillate product is cyclohexene which is unsaturated and has the boiling point of 83 celcius. Synthesis was done via distillation since it helps in obtaining purer substances (Bernard-Chandler, n,d). Gas chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy is a physical method of separating a compound which are volatile and thermally stable. This instrument can separate, identify and quantify compounds. The two phases that involves the process are the stationary phase which is the column and the mobile phase which is the carrier gas like helium (Karesek-Clement, 1988). The vaporized sample will be attacked by beam of electrons which is called the ionization process in which the positively charged ionic fragments are produced. This process involves the removal of electrons since the beam of electrons knock off one electron from a molecule which forms the parent ion or molecular ion. Fragmentation happens with the product of ionization to give smaller charged and neutral pieces. A magnetic field would force the circular flow of the ions and the separation will occur since they will follow different path of radius 81.98 which gives us the relative formula mass of the molecule (University of Bristol, n.d; Ault, 1973). Also, it can be seen that there is a presence of an isotope since there is a peak that is close in value with the M+ to the right. This is because carbon has an isotope which is 13C. The natural abundance of Carbon 12 is much higher than the natural abundance of Carbon 13 but since the mass spectrometer gives very accurate results, it may be able to detect the isotope. The parent ion M+ has the highest mass among the peaks. Any peaks lower than the M+ are just considered as fragment readings in the spectrum while the isotope, denoted by M+1, is the peak which is to the right of the parent ion which is lower in intensity (chem.ucla.edu, n.d; Baklajian, 2012). Other peaks can be considered as just fragments. These fragments are due to the breaking down of the unstable positive ions (chemguide.co.uk, n.d; Ault, 1973). On the other hand, the base peak is the one with the 56 molecular weight indicated by its 100 reading in abundance. The base peak always has the highest abundance among all the peaks (Karesek-Clement, 1988). The peak with the 100.013812 reading can be considered as an i mpurity. Even if it has the highest mass reading, it was not considered as the molecular ion peak since the compound being talked about here is cyclohexene. To sum it all up, the group was able to collect cyclohexene via distillation of cyclohexanol. The obtained results from the mass spectrum showed the presence of an impurity and also an isotope peak. The yield’s molecular weight (81.98) was indeed very close to the theoretical molecular weight which is 82. IV.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION It was observed that in this experiment on synthesis of cyclohexene from cyclohexanol, the group was able to produce cyclohexene as can be seen in the mass spectra which indicates that the product obtained by the group had an 81.9265 molecular weight which is relatively close to the theoretical molecular weight of cyclohexene which is 82. The group was able to perform all of the objectives for this experiment which are to synthesize cyclohexene from cyclohexanol and obtain a mass spectra of the product via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In conclusion, the synthesis of cyclohexene from cyclohexanol can be done in many ways and distillation is one of its examples. chemguide.co.uk. Mass Spectra: The Molecular ion M+ Peak. http://www.chemguide.co.uk/analysis/masspec/mplus.html (accessed June 20, 2014) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6q-M5V9roL0 (accessed June 20, 2014) Chem.ucla.edu. Mass Spectrometry. [Online] n.d, http://www.chem.ucla.edu/harding/notes/notes_14C_MS.pdf (accessed June 20, 2014) â€Å"I hereby certify that I have given a substantial contribution to this report and I did not copy and/or quote from any resource material unless being cited as reference. I am make known that failure to accomplish the second clause would eb grounds for plagiarism and a failing grade for my final laboratory report.† Halili, Johanna Bernadette C. 11332654 Fig 1: Mass Spectrum of cyclohexene distillate Page 1 of 4 Experiment #1: Synthesis of Cyclohexene from Cyclohexanol

chlamydia :: essays research papers

Chlamydia (STD) Æ’Ã ¦ Chlamydia trachoma is a sexually transmitted disease that is transmitted by direct contact through oral, vaginal and anal intercourse and is also transmitted to newborns through vaginal birth by an infected mother. This disease is not passed on by indirect contact, such as a toilet seat. Æ’Ã ¦ Chlamydia trachoma is biologically active in vaginal and penile secretions and fluids. Æ’Ã ¦ The usual reservoir for C. trachoma is the mucous membranes of the body found in the genital region, throat, and eyes. Æ’Ã ¦ The etiological agent of Chlamydia is C. trachomatis which has the following general characteristics: obligate intracellular parasite gram negative coccoid bacteria nonmotile intracellular does not possess a peptidoglycan layer unable to produce its own ATP. Æ’Ã ¦ The following tests are used to identify C. trachomatis: 1) ELISA test and FA test may be effective only when the bacterium is metabolically active (not infectious), these tests are used to detect group specific LPS and strain-specific outer membrane proteins 2) gram staining (negative, coccoid) 3) culture and iodine staining for inclusion bodies (used because the trachoma species of Chlamydia cannot be stained with iodine because it does not contain glycogen) 4) Serological tests that detect high titer IgM antibodies indicates a recent infection (used in adults, cannot distinguish between current and previous infections, not very useful) 5) nucleic acid probes (these are currently new and further info was not available) Æ’Ã ¦ The bacterium C. trachomatis was first discovered in 1907 by Stanislaus von Prowazek in Berlin. The genus part of the name, Chlalmydia, comes from the Greek word chlamys, which means cloak and the species part of the name, trachomatis is also Greek and means rough or harsh. This name is perfectly associated with the actions of this disease. Æ’Ã ¦ A cloak is meant to hide, conceal or even disguise; and that is what C. trachomatis does on the inside of the body, it hides, it is usually asymptomatic (no symptoms). It enters the body through mucous membranes on the body as elementary bodies that bind to receptors on the host cells and are taken in by endocytosis or phagocytosis. The elementary bodies become reticulate bodies that do not combine with the lysosome and are able to resist being digested and killed. The reticulate bodies reproduce by binary fission and change back into elementary bodies which leave by reverse endocytosis. The elementary bodies have a rough outer membrane that allows them to be resistant against  ¡Ã‚ §harsh ¡Ã‚ ¨ environmental conditions which is associated with the name trachomatis.

Art Of Racing Essay

Denny Swift is a very intellectual human being, especially when it is go time on the asphalt racing strip. He puts his mind into race mode and lets the auto pilot take over and slide through all the corners, especially in the rainy weather that dissipates others. This complex character is a rare human being, not for the reason of being a good racer in the rain. But he takes responsibility, when something happens from a decision whether he’s wrong or right he owns up to it. Either taking the success with triumph or openly accepting the fact of being wrong. When he is wrong he try’s his very hardest to resolve the situation, and fix things rather than putting it off to others or blaming it on someone else. But no matter what in any situation he implies the thoughts of others and taking them into consideration as well for what other characters in the book have to say and how they feel. When Eve was sick she didn’t want him to see, her like that and when Eve demanded Denny to leave he listened, also leaving Enzo by her side and Zoe in the care of Eve’s Parents. The real other half of Denny is his automobile racing career. He is a very experienced and intellectual racer, Denny’s skill on the track are unbelievable especially in the rain. He is able to predict what to do in situations on the track before they happen, turning before sliding, sliding before turning. A quote he says which is â€Å" What we manifest is before us†, meaning by decisions we make affects our future turn out and relates to his racing because he makes a move before its made for him. The part about Denny’s career would be the time he has off the track because it is limited. He has to practise in order to get better, which is more and more time away from his family and his best friend Enzo. His racing can relate to his life, every choice he makes can affect his way of life. Just like every move on the track can affect your outcome at the finish line. To be a very good racer, not only do you need the skills but the will power to push the limits and be better than everyone. Denny executes dangerous maneuvers to be first to cross the finish line first. Denny try’s his very hardest to be the best guy he can be whether it hurts him or not, and couldn’t be or do what he does without the support of his loved ones, Eve, Zoe and Enzo, the most  important people in Denny’s life that he cares most about.

Protecting Women from Domestic Violence Essay Example

Protecting Women from Domestic Violence Essay Example Protecting Women from Domestic Violence Essay Protecting Women from Domestic Violence Essay â€Å"Domestic violence is the most ubiquitous constant in women’s lives around the world. There is virtually no place where it is not a significant problem, and women of no race, class, or age are exempt from its reach† -Joni Seager Abstract: Domestic violence against women is a social problem that occurs in nearly every corner of the world. Recently, some states have begun to recognize that women must be protected from abuse by family members and intimates. While policies and practices designed to protect women have emerged in a number of countries, many lag behind on the issue. This paper will examine the causal factors behind the variation in protection for women. The literature on women and politics suggests that women’s representation may increase the level of protection against domestic violence because female legislators are more likely to put women’s issues on the agenda and make policy choices that benefit their sex. Alternatively, the culture of a state may determine whether the society supports rights for women, including protection from domestic violence. A variety of statistics indicating women’s representation and culture were gathered for analysis. Using bi variate correlation and multiple regression, the theories were tested against each other in an attempt to determine the cause of variation in levels of protection. The findings suggest that both women’s representation and culture are significantly correlated to level of protection. Because the number of women in elected office influences protection to a greater extent than culture, improving women’s representation appears to be an important factor in fighting the domestic violence problem. THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE PROBLEM Across the world, women are beaten, tortured, mentally abused, burned, and killed by their intimate relations on a regular basis. Domestic violence is defined as abuse between family members, but for the context of this paper I am specifically referring to abuse against women. Until relatively recently, uthorities in many states have ignored or even condoned this type of violence. For example, the phrase â€Å"rule of thumb† comes from Anglo-American common law a husband was permitted to strike his wife with a stick as long as it was no wider than his thumb (Straus and Gelles 1986). In some cultures, domestic violence remains an acceptable means for a husband to discipline his wife. Why do such abhorrent acts occur and why have the y gone unpunished? Experts generally agree that domestic violence is used to keep women in a subordinate position within the household (Seager, 2003; Straus and Gelles, 1986). Men use physical abuse against women in order to ‘keep them in their place’ to exert their power as the dominant figure in the household. Historically, domestic violence has been considered a private matter, a problem between a man and his wife that the state need not become involved in (Abrar and Lovenduski, 2002; Bush, 1992; Hawkins and Humes, 2002). Recently, the domestic violence issue has been moved from the private realm to the public in many states. Consequently, practices regarding the problem are changing and violence in the home is becoming a criminal matter. Yet the degree of protection women receive varies tremendously across states. Why is it that in some western societies, women can prosecute their husbands for a slap in the face, yet in places such as Turkey, men receive reduced sentences if the murder of their wives is an ‘honor killing? ’ (World Report, 2003). In order to explain this variation, I examine the impact of women’s representation and cultural factors, either of which may account for the level of protection women receive against domestic violence. THEORIES REGARDING WOMEN’S PROTECTION Making a difference: Women’s representation One of the prevailing theories in women and politics literature is called the ‘politics of presence. ’ According to this theory, women’s presence in legislative bodies is essential because women representatives have different values, attitudes, and priorities than men based on their unique experience as females (Phillips, 1995). Women legislators will express these differences by putting women’s issues on the agenda and making policy choices that benefit women as a group. Women’s issues can be defined as â€Å"those that mainly affect women, either for biological reasons (such as breast cancer screening and reproductive rights) or for social reasons (sex equality or child-care policy)† (Lovenduski 2001). According to this theory, women representatives will address domestic violence because it is a part of their experience as women. Even if the legislator has not experienced domestic violence personally, she probably knows someone who has, or can relate to the inequalities that lead to violence against women. Another important theory in women and politics literature is called critical mass. The critical mass theory holds that once women gain a certain percentage in the legislature, they will have the ability to ‘make a difference,’ or make changes in the legislature that improve women’s status (Dahlerup, 2001; Lovenduski 2001). Such changes may include implementing policy that is important to women, bringing attention to women’s issues, or changing the norms and values of the legislative institution (Norris and Lovenduski, 2003). According to a classification made by Rosabeth Moss Kanter, there are three categories of women’s minority status in the legislature: the skewed group of up to fifteen percent, in which women would be merely tokens and have no real power to implement change; the tilted group of fifteen to forty percent, in which the minority is gaining strength through numbers and may influence the nature of the institution; and the balanced group, of about forty to fifty percent, in which women are no longer a minority (Dahlerup, 2001; Lovenduski 2001). Women need to hold about thirty percent of the seats in a legislature in order to achieve a critical mass. Once women reach that threshold, they will bring attention to the issue of domestic violence by putting it on the legislative agenda and implementing policy that protects women. The degree to which women can attain cabinet or ministerial positions will also affect their ability to make a difference. Positions of leadership in the legislature allow for more influence over the political agenda and policy choices (Reynolds, 1999). Therefore, women in cabinet positions are able to exert political power that will lead to a greater protection of women against domestic violence. H1: As women’s access to political power increases, the level of protection for women against domestic violence increases. Although the ‘politics of presence’ and critical mass theories are well-respected in women’s representation literature, the policy effects that these theories predict has yet to be examined on an international level. Because women’s presence in the legislatures of many states is a relatively new phenomenon, it has been too early to determine whether these theories will be realized when it comes to measurable policy change. It is possible that woman legislators will behave no differently than their male counterparts, in which case an alternative cause is needed to explain the variation in women’s protection across states. The Cultural Influence According to several studies, the political and social culture of a state affects the level of support women will receive in the pursuit of equal rights and political power (Reynolds, 1999; Kenworthy and Malami, 1999). The specific traditions and values of a country determine a woman’s place, whether it be strictly confined to the home, nearly equal in the public sphere of employment and politics, or somewhere in between. The degree that each culture is in favor of expanding women’s rights will influence their practices and policies on domestic violence. Political Culture Although the political history and customs of each state are unique, examining certain aspects of a country’s political culture allows for a cross-cultural comparison of the political support for women’s rights. Women’s movements are one way of exerting influence in the political realm. These movements can be defined as â€Å"a subset of sociopolitical movements that are characterized by the primacy of women’s gendered experiences, women’s issues, and women’s leadership and decision making† (Beckwith, 2002). The issue of domestic violence is one that women’s movements have addressed in every corner of the globe. In many instances, these groups have been the only advocate for women experiencing violence in the home. When authorities look the other way, women’s groups have come forth to call attention to this problem. In order to affect legislation and practices on the domestic violence issue, women’s movements have utilized strategies such as protest, media campaigns, lobbying, research, litigation, and international treaties (Bush, 1992; Abrar and Lovenduski, 2002; Hawkins and Humes, 2002). Although the state institutions and cultures that women’s movements must work with can vary greatly, several studies have found that movements can be successful even in countries whose institutions do not promote the political participation of women and whose cultures that do not hold egalitarian beliefs (Tyyska, 1998; Bush, 1992). Such a finding is hopeful for women in patriarchal cultures; however, it may be a leap to suggest that women’s movements are completely independent form culture. At the very least, the women in a given state must support the advancement of their sex in order for a movement to take hold. In countries such as Turkmenistan, Uganda, and Zimbabwe, over fifty percent of women think it is acceptable for a husband to beat his wife for a variety of reasons (Seager, 2003). Such a culture would likely not be able to produce a successful movement because the women themselves do not believe men and women are equal. Although women’s movements operate outside the status quo, they should be considered a measure of political culture. Another way to measure the political culture of a state is to determine whether it has a history of women’s participation. A citizen’s political participation includes a variety of activities: pursuing political knowledge, discussing politics, supporting a political party or voting. There is no question that political participation is valuable and leads to greater political power: â€Å"To the extent that citizen activity provides a critical channel for the expression of citizen preferences, those who are less active pay the price in terms of representation† (Verba, Burns, and Schlozman, 1997). Women’s issues have not been on the political agenda in the past because women had little or no role in the political community and therefore had no place to voice their opinions (Fraser, 1999; Nelson and Chowdhury, 1994). If the most basic form of political participation is the act of voting, then the date of women’s suffrage speaks to the political culture of a given state. In those countries where suffrage was granted only recently, it is unlikely that women have established a culture of political participation. The strength of leftist parties also indicates whether the political culture of a state supports women’s rights. Traditional political parties, whatever their ideological stance, have often been associated with an ‘old boy’s club’ approach to political decision making: only those who are invited may attend. Some even argue that rather than open doors to political power, political parties create obstacles that women and other minorities must sidestep: â€Å"the culture and process of formal political institutions are major barriers to women’s equal participation in institutional politics† (Nelson and Chowdhury, 1994). Although political parties have a history of excluding women, leftist parties may be more inclusive than the rest. Parties of the left, particularly socialist parties, support women’s rights to a greater degree than other parties do because their ideological stance tends to be more egalitarian (Kenworthy and Malami, 1999; Reynolds, 1999). Leftist parties often include a pledge to reduce gender inequality in their political platform and tend to yield more successful woman candidates (Kenworthy and Malami, 1999; Reynolds, 1999). Therefore, the share of seats held by leftist parties may indicate whether the political culture of a state will favor protection for women. Finally, the level of socioeconomic development in a state influences its political culture. In times of economic hardship, the support given to women declines. Countries that have suffering economies are much less likely to be concerned with social programs than those which are thriving (Nelson and Chowdhury 1994, Seager 2003). Spending on education and social services, including services that protect women, will be considered unimportant when people don’t even have enough to eat. Unfortunately, hard times are usually when women need protection the most. Whether or not a state has a history of providing social services speaks to its political culture is it considered â€Å"necessary† to provide these services or is it considered a superfluous expenditure? States with a high level of socioeconomic development are more likely to have a political culture that supports women. H2: States with political cultures that support women’s rights will protect women from domestic violence to a greater extent than those that do not. Social Culture Just as a state’s political traditions can determine the amount of support women’s interests are likely to receive, its social culture also influences the importance a society places on women. Social factors affect the way that a society views the role of woman. Are women expected to stay in the home or is it acceptable for them to pursue a formal career? Are they considered the equal of men? Religiosity is one factor that may influence the social culture of a state. A nation’s religiosity is its religious sentimentality, or the degree of importance the dominant religion plays in people’s lives. Religion is an especially important factor to consider when examining the issue of domestic violence because many religions are concerned with the family structure and consider women to be uniquely tied to the family. States that have fundamentalist religions follow the doctrine that women are subordinate to men (Reynolds, 1999). If women are considered to be subordinate, a husband’s abusive treatment of his wife may be excused as ‘discipline. ’ Traditional, highly religious societies are likely to consider the family a private sphere and discourage state interference, even in violent cases. Societies that have a high degree of religiosity are therefore less likely to provide a large amount of protection for women. The social culture of a state may also be determined by its education policies. Is it considered appropriate for women to receive some sort of higher education? This speaks to whether women are considered equal to men and whether they have the right to gain knowledge. Higher education leads to an understanding of issues that are important to women, as well as social and political mobilization around those issues: â€Å"Knowledge is power, the foundation of intellectual and political development† (Fraser, 1999). If women are to understand that there are options beyond the status quo, they need education. Women are more likely to demand equality and protection under the law if they are educated. They may also have greater resources that would allow them to leave an abusive situation. Therefore, the larger the number of women in higher education, the more likely a state is to protect women from domestic violence. Finally, a society’s social culture is reflected by the egalitarianism of the citizenry. The extent that a country addresses the inequalities women face is largely due to the beliefs of the people. Nations that believe women are equal to men are more likely to pursue policies that are important to women. For instance, there has been an increase in the salience of issues such as reproductive choice, sexual harassment, and equal opportunity in states where the cultural ideologies are becoming more egalitarian (Inglehart and Norris, 2001) Therefore, if the social culture of a country promotes egalitarian beliefs, women are more likely to be protected from domestic violence. H3: States with social cultures that support women’s rights will have a higher level of protection against domestic violence than those that do not. Research Design and Methodology Design Strategy and Case Selection In order to test the theoretical explanations offered by the literature, this study compares the levels of protection against domestic violence cross-nationally. The research design employed is a statistical method. Using bi-variate correlation and multiple regression, the strength, significance, and relative influence of each independent variable in relation to the dependent variable is tested. Examining twenty-nine members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) allows for a broad mix of cultures and polities. (Iceland had to be excluded due to lack of data). This variation is valuable if the diverse situation of women is to be examined. At the same time, using the OECD member states allows much of the â€Å"noise† created by non-democratic governments and large variations in wealth to be blocked out; all of these states are relatively well-off and have some form of democratic government. Levels of wealth and degree of democratic functioning still vary widely enough to be diverse, however. The countries included in this study are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, and the United States. Dependent Variable The dependent variable of this study is the level of protection for women against domestic violence. This variable is an unweighted summation of seven separate measures: marital rape law, divorce law, gender wage gap, percentage of salary paid during maternity leave, length of maternity leave, child poverty rate in lone mother households, and percentage of lone mother households. Many of these measures indicate the level of familialization, or the ability for a woman to leave an abusive situation and live independently from her abuser. The level of protection is measured on a scale that ranges from 11 (lowest protection) to 25 (highest protection). Data for this variable were obtained from a wide variety of statistical sources. Marital rape law is a dichotomous variable. It is coded as 0 if the country does not have a law against marital rape and coded as 1 if it does. Marital rape laws are a direct measure of protection against domestic violence because rape is an act of violence. This variable indicates whether the state is willing to invade the private sphere of sexual relations between married couples in order to provide protection. About half of the cases in this study do not recognize marital rape as a crime. [1] The second dependent variable measure is a coded scale representing the egree of difficulty women face when attempting to obtain a divorce. The scale ranges from 0 to 3, with 0 being the most difficult and 3 being the easiest. Coding was based on the grounds for divorce in each country. States were given a point if women can initiate divorce, if mutual consent is a ground, if breakdown of marriage or a phrase of similar meaning is a ground, and if violence, battery, or abuse is a ground. A po int was subtracted if there is a requirement for the couple to be separated for a certain amount of time before divorce will be granted. Finally, a point was taken away for miscellaneous factors that would likely cause difficulty in obtaining a divorce; for example, if no alimony or child support is offered or if divorce is considered a social stigma in the country, a point was subtracted. [2] The third measure in the scale is gender wage gap. This variable captures the ability of women to be financially independent; the higher the gender wage gap, the more difficult it is for a woman to support herself and her children. The scale ranges from 1 to 5, with 1 being the largest gap between male and female wages and 5 being the smallest. 3] The fourth and fifth components of the dependent variable are the percentage of salary paid during maternity leave[4] and the length of maternity leave. [5] These measures speak to the financial and social independence of mothers in a given state. If all or most of the mother’s salary during leave is paid and she is able to take a substantial leave without the risk of losing her job, this indicates that the state offers progressive social welfare benefits to women. Studies show that parental leave attracts women to the labor force and maintains their attachment (Kamerman, et all, 2003). Continued employment indicates that women have a better chance to leave an abusive relationship because they are more likely to be financially stable and have a support system outside of the family. Both variables are coded in a range of 1 to 5, with 1 being the least favorable leave policies for women and 5 being the most favorable. The sixth measure of protection for women is the rate of child poverty in lone mother households. This variable is coded in a range from 1 to 5. A score of 1 represents the highest rates of child poverty and a 5 represents the lowest rates. Although it would seem that the percentage of lone mother households is a direct indication of child poverty rates, several studies indicate that if a country has progressive social benefits for single parent families, high poverty levels can be avoided (The World’s Women 2000; Kamerman, et al, 2003). Therefore, this measure speaks to the social support offered to single mothers. [6] The seventh and final component of the dependent variable scale is the rate of lone mother households. This measure is coded as a scale from 1 to 5; a score of 1 indicates low rates of lone mother households and 5 indicate high levels. The rate of single mothers in a country indicates whether it is socially acceptable for a woman to live independently from a male family member or intimate. 7 In countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, there are few social stigmas associated with single motherhood and accordingly, the rates are high: 15% and 19% respectively (Kamerman, et al, 2003). However, because these states provide few social supports for single mothers, the rates of child poverty for these family types are also high: 59. 6% in the U. S. and 40. 3% in the U. K. (Kamerman, et al, 2003). Therefore, it is necessary to look at both rates of single motherhood and of child poverty in lone mother households in order to gauge both the social stigma and support offered to single mothers. Independent Variables This study employs a parsimonious model with respect to the independent variables. Four independent variables are analyzed as indicators of the two theories discussed previously: women’s representation and the cultural influence. Data for these variables were obtained from several sources, primarily Joni Seager’s Atlas of Women in the World. The first variable is women as a percentage of elected officials in each state, or the percent of women occupying seats in the lower or single house of their country’s legislature. Those data, reported from the year 2002, indicate the level of women’s representation. [7] The second variable is women’s history of political participation, measured by the date women’s suffrage was introduced in each country. [8] The third variable is the level of socioeconomic development, measured by per capita GNI from the year 2001. GNI measures the gross national income of a state in current US. dollars. Both date of women’s suffrage and per capita GNI are indicators of the political culture of the countries in this study. [9] Although affluence could be measured separately from culture, socio-economic indicators are frequently used as proxy measures for culture in literature on women and politics (Kenworthy and Malami 1999; Matland 1998). The fourth variable, women as a percentage of students in higher education, is an indicator of the social culture of a country. Higher education is defined as third level institutions, such as universities, technical schools, and equivalent institutions. Students of higher education have completed education at the second level or provided proof of equivalent knowledge. The data reported are from 2000 or the most recent available year. [10] Analyses and Results This section reports the findings of the empirical analysis. After coding and analysis, the dependent variable (level of protection against domestic violence) produced an index ranging from 11 to 25, with 25 being the highest degree of protection. As shown in Table 1, there is a moderate amount of variance in the dependent variable, with a mean of 17. and a standard deviation of 3. 42. Analyses of bi-variate correlations and multiple regression tests for the independent variables indicate that the main findings of this study support the proposed hypotheses. Table 1 The Dependent Variable: A Breakdown of Protection Levels High Protection Levels Moderate Protection Levels Low Protection Levels Austria 19 Australia 17 Greece 14 Czech Rep. 19 Belgium 17 Ireland 12 Denmark 23 Canada 16 Japan 13 Finland 20 Germany 17 Korea 11* France 21 Hungary 17 Luxembourg 14